How Computing Changed Civilisation
Computing changed civilisation by making information executable, allowing instructions to be copied, combined and applied at a scale earlier tools could not reach.
Articles
Technology is more than a sequence of new devices. It is the infrastructure, craft and accumulated knowledge that turns ideas into reliable capability. These essays look at how useful technologies mature and spread.
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Reliability Turns Invention into Infrastructure
An invention becomes infrastructure only when people can depend on it under ordinary and difficult conditions, including when parts fail or demand changes.
The Hidden Work of Useful Technology
Useful technology depends on integration, documentation, support and maintenance, forms of work that receive less attention than the invention but often determine its value.
Access Determines Who Benefits from Technology
A technology's social value depends not only on what it can do, but also on who can afford it, understand it and use it under real-world conditions.
How Technology Can Help Solve Complex Problems
Technology helps with complex problems when it improves observation, coordination and experimentation without pretending that social goals can be reduced to technical variables.